1980 Summer Olympics
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19 to August 3.
Host city | Moscow[1], Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nations | 80 | ||
Athletes | 5,179 (4,064 men, 1,115 women) | ||
Events | 203 in 21 sports (27 disciplines) | ||
Opening | 19 July | ||
Closing | 3 August | ||
Opened by | |||
Cauldron | |||
Stadium | Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium | ||
Summer | |||
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Winter | |||
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Concerns and controversies
- 1980 Summer Olympics boycott: U.S. President Jimmy Carter instigated a boycott of the games to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the Games were held in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union. Many nations refused to participate in the Games. The exact number of boycotting nations is difficult to determine, as a total of 66 eligible countries did not participate, but some of those countries withdrew due to financial hardships, only claiming to join the boycott to avoid embarrassment.[source?] Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games owing to Ayatollah Khomeini's support for the Islamic Conference's condemnation of the invasion of Afghanistan.[3] Only 80 countries participated in the Moscow games, fewer than the 92 that had joined the 1976 games and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games which had also featured 80 countries. A substitute event, titled the Liberty Bell Classic, often referred to as Olympic Boycott Games, was held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia by 29 of the boycotting countries.
Sixty-five countries that were invited to the 1980 Olympics, plus Qatar, did not participate for various reasons, including support for the boycott and economic reasons. (Qatar's 1980 IOC recognition came too late for it to be invited.) Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as "Chinese Taipei".[4] However, China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well.
- Albania (preparing for the 1992 Olympics)
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias ANT|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias ANT at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias ANT]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias ARG|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias ARG at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias ARG]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias ASA|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias ASA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias ASA]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias BAH|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias BAH at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias BAH]]
- [[File:{{{flag alias-1972}}}|22x20px|border |alt=|link=]] Bahrain
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias BAN|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias BAN at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias BAN]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias BAR|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias BAR at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias BAR]]
- Belize
- Bermuda
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias BOL|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias BOL at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias BOL]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias BRU|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias BRU at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias BRU]]
- Canada
- Cayman Islands
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias CAF|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias CAF at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias CAF]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias CHA|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias CHA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias CHA]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias CHI|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias CHI at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias CHI]]
- China
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias COK|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias COK at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias COK]]
- Egypt
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias ESA|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias ESA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias ESA]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias FIJ|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias FIJ at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias FIJ]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias GAB|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias GAB at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias GAB]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias GAM|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias GAM at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias GAM]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias GHA|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias GHA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias GHA]]
- Haiti
- [[File:{{{flag alias-1949}}}|22x20px|border |alt=|link=]] Honduras
- Hong Kong
- [[Template:Country IOC alias INA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias INA]]
- Iran
- Israel
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias CIV|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias CIV at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias CIV]]
- [[File:{{{flag alias-1947}}}|22x20px|border |alt=|link=]] Japan
- [[Template:Country IOC alias KEN at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias KEN]]
- South Korea
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias LBR|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias LBR at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias LBR]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias LIE|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias LIE at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias LIE]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias MAW|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias MAW at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias MAW]]
- Malaysia
- Mauritania
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias MRI|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias MRI at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias MRI]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias MON|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias MON at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias MON]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias MAR|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] Morocco
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias MDV|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias MDV at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias MDV]]
- Netherlands Antilles
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias NAM|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias NAM at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias NAM]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias NIG|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias NIG at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias NIG]]
- [[Template:Country IOC alias NOR at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias NOR]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias PAK|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias PAK at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias PAK]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias PAN|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias PAN at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias PAN]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias PNG|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias PNG at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias PNG]]
- Paraguay
- [[File:{{{flag alias-1936}}}|22x20px|border |alt=|link=]] Philippines[5]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias QAT|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias QAT at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias QAT]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias KSA|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias KSA at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias KSA]]
- Singapore
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias SOM|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias SOM at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias SOM]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias SUD|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias SUD at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias SUD]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias SUR|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias SUR at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias SUR]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias SWZ|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias SWZ at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias SWZ]]
- Chinese Taipei ( Taiwan)
- Thailand
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias TOG|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias TOG at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias TOG]]
- [[File:{{{flag alias-1959}}}|22x20px|border |alt=|link=]] Tunisia
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias TUR|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias TUR at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias TUR]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias UAE|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias UAE at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias UAE]]
- United States
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias URU|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias URU at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias URU]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias VIN|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias VIN at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias VIN]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias ISV|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias ISV at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias ISV]]
- [[Image:Template:Country flag IOC alias FRG|22x20px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Template:Country IOC alias FRG at the Olympics|Template:Country IOC alias FRG]]
- Zaire
- A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[6] A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[7] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[8]
- Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public, causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials' shoulders to try to keep the events fair. There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to advantage Soviet athletes, and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes.[9][10][11][12][13]
Medals by country
These are the 10 countries that won the most medals in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Soviet Union (URS) (Hosts) | 80 | 69 | 46 | 195 |
2 | East Germany (GDR) | 47 | 37 | 42 | 126 |
3 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 8 | 16 | 17 | 41 |
4 | Cuba (CUB) | 8 | 7 | 5 | 20 |
5 | Italy (ITA) | 8 | 3 | 4 | 15 |
6 | Hungary (HUN) | 7 | 10 | 15 | 32 |
7 | Romania (ROU) | 7 | 6 | 13 | 25 |
8 | France (FRA) | 6 | 5 | 3 | 14 |
9 | Great Britain (GBR) | 5 | 7 | 9 | 21 |
10 | Poland (POL) | 3 | 14 | 15 | 32 |
1980 Summer Olympics Media
A Soviet stamp sheet showing the logo of the games and its mascot Misha holding the 1980 Olympic torch. The map shows the torch relay route from Olympia, Greece, the site of the ancient Olympic Games, to Moscow, Russian SFSR.
Olympic Village in February 2004
Marathon in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. The athlete 563 in the foreground is Koh Chun-son from North Korea
All events in canoeing and rowing took place at the Moscow Canoeing and Rowing Basin in Krylatskoye
Olympic Velodrome in Krylatskoye
Other websites
References
- ↑ Moscow was not a federal city in 1980. It became a federal city in 1993, two years after the Soviet Union broke up.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 International Olympic Committee (9 October 2014). "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad". Press release. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Golan, Galia; Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev; p. 193 ISBN 9780521358590
- ↑ Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective". Diplomatic History. 40 (5): 845–864. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw026. JSTOR 26376807. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ↑ Ramos, Gerry (7 March 2019). "Former swimming chief Mark Joseph dies 'peacefully in his sleep' age 56" (in en). Spin.ph. https://www.spin.ph/swimming/former-swimming-chief-mark-joseph-dies-peacefully-in-his-sleep-age-56-a793-20190307. Retrieved 5 December 2022. "Joseph himself qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but failed to compete as the country joined the US-led boycott of the Games.".
- ↑ Doping violations at the Olympics. https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/07/daily-chart-15. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
- ↑ Wilson, Wayne (PhD); Derse, Ed (2001). Doping in Élite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7360-0329-2. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ↑ Sytkowski, Arthur J. (May 2006). Erythropoietin: Blood, Brain and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. ISBN 978-3-527-60543-9.
- ↑ Kozakiewicz Sets World Pole Vault Record. Ocala, Florida. 31 July 1980. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aToVAAAAIBAJ&pg=4695,6604124.[dead link]
- ↑ Barukh Ḥazan (January 1982). Olympic Sports and Propaganda Games: Moscow 1980. p. 183. ISBN 9781412829953. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
- ↑ Jesse Reed. "Top 10 Scandals in Summer Olympic History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ "Style, Love, Home, Horoscopes & more - MSN Lifestyle". Living.msn.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ "Polanik English". Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
- ↑ IOC records say that Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President". At the time, this title was used by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or the de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) Although Brezhnev was also the de facto ruler of the Soviet Union as the General Secretary of the Communist Party, that title is not listed in the IOC's records.
Olympic Games | ||
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Summer Games: 1896, 1900, 1904, 1906, 1908, 1912, (1916), 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, (1940), (1944), 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028 | ||
Winter Games: 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, (1940), (1944), 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022 | ||
Athens 2004 — Turin 2006 — Beijing 2008 — Vancouver 2010 — London 2012 — Sochi 2014 — Rio 2016 — Pyeongchang 2018 — Tokyo 2020 Games in italics will be held in the future, and those in (brackets) were cancelled because of war. See also: Ancient Olympic Games |
Youth Olympic Games | ||
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Summer Games: 2010, 2014, 2018 | ||
Winter Games: 2012, 2016 | ||
Singapore 2010 — Innsbruck 2012 — Nanjing 2014 |