Why roller coaster loops aren't circular

The G forces were out of this world.

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If youve ever been on a modern looping roller coaster, youve probably experienced a thrilling, safe, and mostly comfortable ride. But this wasnt always the case. Just over 100 years ago, loop-the-loops were painful, not sturdy, and much more dangerous than they are today.

Between the 1840s and early 1900s, loops on roller coasters were perfectly circular meaning riders would go from traveling in a fairly straight line to immediately moving into a curve. This rapid onset of curvature caused extreme G force spikes that rattled passengers to their core.

The first looping roller coaster in North America Coney Islands Flip-Flap Railway could exert up to 14 G's on a person. For reference, astronauts in a spaceship launch experience 3 Gs. Fighter pilots with very special equipment and training can handle 10 Gs for short periods of time. 14 Gs was (and still is) tremendous.

More people paid to watch others ride these early coasters rather than ride themselves. Without sustained success, most looping coasters closed down within their first decade of operation.

Looping coasters wouldnt find success again until the 1970s with a new loop shape, new materials, many more cars and, thankfully, fewer Gs. In this video, we break down all the advancements that helped make looping coasters the popular ride they are today.

Links:
https://www.aceonline.org/
https://www.youtube.com/user/yoprofmatt
https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/459/
https://gizmodo.com/why-roller-coaster-loops-are-never-circular-1549063718
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1997/08/13/a-brief-history-of-the-roller-coaster/4490a0f9-6a82-451d-86b7-f36a7bc0fbbf/

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