Why Does Nature Have Redundant Copies?

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Who needs redundancy? Well, everyone, it turns out.

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Ecological redundancy (also: functional redundancy or functional equivalence): the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar roles in ecosystem functionality
- Legume: a plant in the Fabaceae family
- Nitrogen fixation: the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds

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CREDITS
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Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos | Music

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Lizah van der Aart Sarah Berman Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg Melissa Hayes Alex Reich
Henry Reich Peter Reich Ever Salazar
Leonardo Souza Kate Yoshida

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REFERENCES
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Cardinale BJ, et al. (2011). The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. Am. J. Bot., 98 (2011), pp. 572-592. https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.1000364

Clarke DM & Hollister I. (2010) Introduction to Redundancy. Safety and Reliability 30:4, 4-15. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09617353.2010.11690919

Huda AN, Salmah MRC, Hassan AA, Hamdan A, Razak MNA. 2015. Pollination services of mango flower pollinators. Journal of Insect Science 15: 113. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672212/

Naeem, S. (1998) Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability. Conservation Biology, 12, 39-45. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.x

Paine, RT (1966). Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100: 65 75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2459379